Antiretroviral Therapy Essay

There is no other field of medicine that has been finished such dramatic developments as that of antiretroviral therapy. In September 1995, the results of Eurpean-Australian DELTA study, and the American ACTG pointed out that two nucleoside analogues were more effective than monotherapy. This led to the belief, thatlonger survival was possible in human immunodeficiency virus. proteolytic enzyme inhibitors (PIs) came about in 1995, and in June 1996, the first non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) neviparine arrived, and so did Nelfinavir which was a new PIs. This led to the start of HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy).Antiretroviral drugs form been divided into a number of groups on the basis of the phase of the retrovirus life-cycle that the drug inhibits.1 Nucleoside & nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) inhibit reverse transcription by incorporating into the newly synthesized viral deoxyribonucleic acid and slowing its elongation. Aprici tabine (AVX-754) is a heterocyclic cytidine analog, which may enter the market in 2009. Elvucitabine is currently in phase II trials. Stampidine is 100 times more potent than AZT and has potential role against HIV mutants2 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nNRTI) inhibit reverse transcriptase promptly by binding to the enzyme and not allowing its function. Efavirenz has been the agent that has been most successful, but is facing lot of viral resistance. Rilpivarine has a long half life of 40 hours.3 Protease inhibitors (PIs) target viral architecture by inhibiting the activity of protease, an enzyme used by the virus to form new virons from the older protein framework. PL-100 is given as a prodrug and is active against multi PIs resistant strains. It has a long half life of 37 hours, and can act as a co-drug.4 Integrase inhibitors inhibit the enzyme integrase, (integrates viral DNA into DNA of the infected cell). Raltegravir became the first to receive FDA approval in October 2007. it is the most exciting of all anti HIV agents in the market. It acts against HIV-2 also. Elvitegasir has a potential as monotherapy.5 Entry inhibitors (or fusion inhibitors) prevent the binding, fusion and entry of HIV-1 virus into the host cell. It acts via the gp 120 envelope protein to the CD 4 receptor. Maraviroc and enfuvirtide argon marketed agents of this group.6 Maturation inhibitors- inhibit the last step in gag processing in which the viral capsid polyprotein is cleaved, thereby blocking the conversion of the polyprotein into the mature capsid protein (p24). These virons atomic number 18 thus incomplete and thus uninfective. Two drugs in this group be under investigation, bevirimat,and Vivecon.Immunotherapy. IL-2 is a cytokine from the activated T cells, which induces proliferation in T, B, and NK cells. It causes an increase in CD 4 and CD 8 cells. It is useful in patients with poor immunological response to antiretroviral therapy to stimulate the im mune system. G-CSF, GM CSF are used for word of prolonged neutropenia in patients with advanced(a) HIV contagious disease to reduce bacterial infection.Why is treatment of HIV difficult ?The retrovirus has an extremely short life span, as short as 1days. In addition the protective enzymes which prevent mutation in RNA to DNA conversion via reverse transcriptase in absent in the virus. Thus the virus mutates very rapidly, and produces many genotypes, some of which escape the cytotoxic effect of the antiretroviral drugs and proliferate. When the antiretrovirals are combined, the number of genotypically active virons is low, and so combinations are a must, as no single agent has been shown to suppress virus for long.Fixed dose combinationsA major change in the therapy today has been the coming of fixed doses combinations. Earlier patients had to take larger number of tablets per day, but now combinations of these complex pabulums are available in single tablets, which increases th e compliance of patients, thus bring down chances of treatment failure.Current treatment guidelines for HAARTThe status of hit hard, hit early approach which was recomneded earlier has now changed. Some clinicians use the 350 and 500 CD4+ T cells/mm levels to initiate treatment, but this needs individualization. Today it is recommended that HIV patients should start ART after confirmation of the HIV disease and the presence of Clinically advanced HIV disease WHO Stage IV HIV disease, irrespective of the CD4 cell countWHO Stage III disease with consideration of using CD4 cell counts slight than 350/l to assist decision making WHO Stage I or II HIV disease with CD4 cell counts less than 200/l. the guidelines for adults and adolescents for the USA are set by the United States Department of Health and benevolent Services (DHHS). In this all patients with history of an AIDS-defining illness or severe symptoms of HIV infection regardless of CD4+ T cell count receive ART.Antiretroviral therapy is also recommended for asymptomatic patients with less than 200 CD4+ T cells/l. Asymptomatic patients with CD4+ T cell counts of 201350 cells/l should be offered treatment. For asymptomatic patients with CD4+ T cell of greater than 350 cells/l and plasma HIV RNA greater than 100,000 copies/ml, most experienced clinicians defer therapy but some clinicians may consider initiating treatment.Therapy should be deferred for patients with CD4+ T cell counts of greater than 350 cells/l and plasma HIV RNA less than 100,000 copies/mL.Treatment regimesImportant aspects are that the first regimen offers the best chance to the patient, meaning that the viral load must be below detectable level within 3-6 months of treatment initiation. The combination used initially consist of two nucleoside analogs plus a PI or either a NNRTI. A regimen containing an NNRTI is often the regimen of choice for initial antiretroviral treatment when adherence is expected to be good because of convenience, superior virological suppression, lower rates of toxic effects, and fewer interactions between drugs than with boosted protease inhibitor regimens Thus mixed acceptable regimens are (Wikipedia)two NRTIS + One NNRTItwo NRTIs + PI. For initial regimens that include a protease inhibitor, those that are ritonavir boosted are recommended because of the improvement in protease inhibitor pharmacokinetics and potencyThrere NRTI ( referred to as triple nukes)once daily combinations like emtriva. This regimen needs uncompromising compliance, as if one dose is forgotten, then that days therapy is lostThe preferred initial regimens are (Department of Health and Human Services)1 efavirenz + zidovudine + lamivudine2 efavirenz + tenofovir + emtricitabine3 lopinavir boosted with ritonavir + zidovudine + lamivudine4 lopinavir boosted with ritonavir + tenofovir + emtricitabineReferanceCahn P, Cassetti I Wood R etal. Efficacy and tolerability of 10 day monotherapy with apricitabine in antiretroviral nave, HIV infected patients. AIDS 2006, 201262-8.Department of Health and Human Services (August, 2006). HIV and Its Treatment What You Should Know. Accessed on 31 mar, 2008United States Department of Health and Human Services (2004). A Guide to Primary Care for People With HIV/AIDS, 2004 EditionAntiretroviral drug Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_drugHAART, HIV Treatment HIV euphony 2007, 15th edition. Hoffman C, Rockstroh JK, Kamps BS. Flying Publishers. HIV Therapy Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Does Violence in Today’s Media Influence Aggressive Behavior Among Adolescence Essay

Chapter 1IntroductionBackground and rationaleThere is increase evidence that the programs aired on TV argon responsible for the aggressive nature of children in their adolescent and early adulthood (Task military on Television and Society. 1992). Cartoons and programs tar beating children are more likely to bind bowelless content than would an average soap opera or movie aimed at an adult audience. Violence aired on childrens shows is normally enjoin at the evil character or perpetrated by the ugly person who rarely gets punished. The victim of the violent act does not bleed or feel pain and as such the children believe that violence is acceptable as it does not cause any permanent damage.These misconceptions lead the children to adopt aggressive attitudes in a bid to imitate their TV stars. By reenacting scenes they captivateed, the children end up actually hurting one an other and with time they internalize this behavior if they are not warned against it. This study is aimed at adding to the literature on the subject by investigating the influence of media violence on the aggressive nature of adolescents. By ascertain if a co-relationship exists between the exposure to media violence and the aggressive nature of adolescents in general, the research would have provided the basis for more research to be conducted into more little areas. The impact of TV violence on adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds, economic statuses and ages can be investigated to see if there are differences in overall results and if so why. This research will be deemed to have been successful it can come up with a general statement regarding the influence of media violence of the behavior of children. thesis StatementThe researcher opines that, media violence is responsible for the rise in adolescent aggressiveness in recent years.Statement of problemParents, teachers, pediatricians and other stakeholders are increasing concerned at the trend of violent actions perpetrate d by adolescents. The Columbine High School shooting shocked the nation into reassessing the triggers that make young people outlaw to extremely violent ways to deal with their problems. Video games and violent TV programs were singled out for mention as the possible contributors to the boys actions.In finding solutions to the problem of TV violence and its influence on adolescents, the stakeholders are keen to be better informed on the co-relationship between the two aspects so they can face the take exception more effectively. This research aims to fill the literature void and come up with realistic options that can be pursued.Chapter 2Review of LiteratureIn studies conducted by the American Psychological Association, it was found that the amount of violent TV visualiseed had a corresponding effect on the level of violence exhibited by the viewer (Task Force on Television and Society, 1992.).The viewer becomes immune to the grim realities of violence and the consequences thereo f that they begin to treat violence as an acceptable behavior. Cartoon figures rarely get hurt and violence meted on the characters appears funny as nobody bleeds even after being clobbered on the wellspring with a hammer. The children attempt to play the equal games they viewed on TV with painful results.Other programs glorify the use of armed weapons and killings such that the adolescents become desensitized and gradually accept violence as a humour of life and something to be emulated. Unless the parents or caregivers can disabuse the children and get them to eschew violence, this view remains with them into adult life. Adolescents can be expected to act acutely immediately after watching a violent movie (Comstock, 1980). The studies indicated that the individual is psyched up by the action viewed and needs little motivation to perpetrate violent actions against anything or anybody that will challenge their ego.Studies have indicated that children are more susceptible to medi a violence influences between the ages of 1-10. After that age the impact of media violence is tempered by the individuals perception of life and a realistic view of things. By that time a child knows that being hit on the head with a hammer will cause a lot of pain and will not imitate everything they see on TV. However, adolescents can still be influenced to act violently especially if their hero succeeds through aggressive behavior (Lefkowitz, et al., 1977).Television programs have been scheduled such that the times those children are free to watch TV there is a lot of violence. Studies conducted found that between 8 and 9 am violence was screened at least 9 times period on Saturdays, the average number of violent scenes per hour peaked at 21(Greenberg et al., 1980).Yet another study established that parents have got to careful what they allow their children to watch as a lot of the programs being aired are violent or have adult themes that are unsuitable for adolescent viewing (Josephson, 1995). The findings but revealed that the viewing habits a child develops in their youth are carried on to adulthood. Thus, if they are used to violent movies, they will continue to prefer these over other programs and consequently internalize violent behavior as the accepted norm.In a bid to tackle the problem posed by media violence, specific measures moldiness be taken by the caregivers to limit the exposure of the child to TV and to direct their energies to more productive pastimes. Where a child has developed aggressive behavior, it is decisive to counsel the child on the dangers of violence and encourage them to adopt a friendlier attitude towards people and life in general.

Perspectives on adult and worker’s education

The top executive to enhance higher literacy levels to givings and workers in the society forms a study step towards improved development and greater takings at divers(prenominal) levels of the society. Authors appear in agreement that workers and adult teaching must be embedded in societys institutional frameworks that reduce their dependence to a greater extentover leverages stinting development. It is the view of this paper that social nation scene is a better seat because it strongly relies on institutionalization of workers adult tuition a agentive role that largely provides them with a raised ground for competing with others.A strong evaluation of social democracy and neo-liberalism positions as well as how the two have influence adult and workers education is further provided. Finally, a personal preference on the postures is outlined. affectionate democracy perspective According to Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007), social democracy is an evolutionary perspective that has taken long to define and re-fit in different contexts. From a classic political spectrum, it can be considered a centre-left concept assuming a liberal socialism good example.Consequently, it takes a gradual outlook in establishing a socialist dash of economy. At this point, social democracy should be seen to consist of two principal(prenominal) building actors democracy and socialism. First, it entails embracing values in the society, upholding freedom, and most importantly equity. People are instantly involved in making decisions either directly or indirectly through their elected leaders. Unlike in neo-liberalism, Sullivan (2003) argues that democracy is a strong down-top management in a broad pyramidal model with no discrimination at any level.Socialism, on the other hand involves common ownership and planning based on institutions. Therefore, work by the quite a little and society as a whole is considered central towards advancing independence and economic devel opment. Social democracy in adult and workers education as Sullivan (2003) outlines shine values that seek to create a highly enlightened community as a whole. Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007) explain that social democracy reference to institutions greatly centralizes and harmonizes program line and accessibility of go to the community.In New Zealand, the government took a bold shift from the competitive model in adult education to a social democratic one which created faster and better access especially to the working community (McLaughlin, 2003). One cannot fail to mention the essential role that social democracy has brought in essential services such as health and development in different regions. United States highly ranked democratic ideals and access to services by all is linked to effective representation and prioritization brought about by social democracy.Neo-liberalism perspective Neo-liberalism is an ideology with a wide and a highly ever-changing preference in different levels. young (2003) argues that this ideology is a construct from classical economic theories which seek to empower private and individuals in leveraging economic development. Proponents of this view believe that through privatization the society is able to invoke higher levels and quality of services delivery to the society through marketplace competition.Unlike it is shortly known that key services such as education and healthcare are a prerogative of central government, neo-liberalism shifts their constitution and provision to private ownership. Moss (2008) notes in his publication that neo-liberalism is strongly entrenched on contemplation of demand and supply of various services being provided. Though it was held as a strong factor within which twain individual hatful and private entities would gather efforts to build competitive advantages in bid to win the market, Green (2003) argues that essential services with meek demand may acutely lack in the community.Upon this r ealization, Moss (2008) adds that governments have evaded operating on a pure neo-liberal point of view to a mixed model which seeks to emphasize on individual competiveness and institutional progress. A Marxist operation is further employed to optimize outputs on effectual demand. This perspective further calls for optimisation of technology and incentives as essential optimization forces. How these ideological perspectives have shaped adult and workers education and trainingOver the yrs, adult and workers education in different nations have taken varied perspectives with differing success rates. However, though selection of these perspectives and application in other areas such as industrial production appear easy, scholars remain highly divided over which one is better in adult and workers education. From a social democracy point of view, Sutch (1966) notes that adult and workers education is run non-competitively. Sutch (1966) further points out that a competitive model is hig hly restrictive and operates in a colonial model.Consequently, only a few people who have the resources would be able to access education in a competitive consideration. New Zealand strongly shifted to social democracy which gave the government full overtop of adult and workers education that strongly promoted access and encouraged more elderly people to further education. Williams (1980) strongly argued that adult and workers population constituted an important government issue in England which could be used to leverage development in the country at the height of the Cold War.Notably, with many people limited by resources availableness as they worked in the low paying changing industries, advancing the dream of uniting Europe was at stake. In this case, the government introduced short two year courses that could allow adults and workers access to university degrees. Besides, open learning and recreational courses facilitated by the government made it possible to learn even after work and at nighttime with or without qualifications (Alcock, Erskine and May, 2003). However, it is critical that social democracy is indirectly linked and partially shaped by the market forces to invoke the sense of high quality.In his publication, Green (2003) cites Neo-liberalism, as the main concept with ability to invoke high creativity and innovations in the 21st century. Upton (1986) further suggests that any education model that lacks direct market touch as a roadmap to failure. Neo-liberalism therefore creates a direct link between the market requirements and what the education offers. It is from this perspectives application that Canaan and Shumar (2008) reports of the ability to tap young minds and entrenching them in the economic development demand that saw Japan strongly develop its industrial capacity.However, the workers and adults were greatly disadvantaged taking into consideration that they formed a significant proportion of the population. It is from this realiz ation that largely saw New Zealand shift from a Neo-Liberalism approach to a social democratic orientation outlook (Holford, Jarvis and Griffin, 1998). As indicated earlier, many states are currently undergoing key restructuring as they seek to assume either a neo-liberal or social democratic perspective.However, as New Zealand experienced between 1980 and 1990 when it was shifting from a neo-liberal orientation to a social democratic perspective, McLaughlin (2003) emphasizes on the need for intrinsic understanding of either perspective for smooth running transition. Personal preferences on how adult and workers education should be shaped Adult population in the society must be seen as a viable force with great potential to leverage economic development in a country or economic region. As a result, any perspective driving their education system must be value driven with focus on empowerment.In her view, McLaughlin (2003) explains that though it is true that adult education lack long term advantages compared to the younger developing population, it remains a very critical factor in economic progression reduce dependence and supporting higher quality development. It is from this consideration that social democracy in this paper is viewed to be superior in seeking to empower more workers and adult population in the community. It came out from the discussion placing workers and adults on the same learning platform with younger population set then at a losing end as they lack the ability to effectively compete.A social democracy perspective therefore gives them an important and elevated ground to sharpen their skills and leverage production in their areas of work. As McLaughlin (2003) conclusion and Alcock (003) argument indicate the Marxist perspective of neo-liberalism is indeed a scaring factor to the older generation. However, social democracy is both a strengthening factor and encouragement to the workers both socially and in their areas of work. By creating a platform for improvement leveraged by the government, the quality of work from them is anchored plot the economy is expanded.Conclusion It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, the ability to enhance higher literacy levels to adults and workers in the society forms a major step towards improved development and greater production at different levels of the society. The difference of the two perspectives came out to be strongly rooted in their mode of application. While social democracy is strongly people driven through democratic representation in institutional frameworks, neo-liberalism was found to be highly capitalistic.Social democracy was further found to have a broader capacity to support adult and workers education because they are encouraged and supported to support their immediate experiences. However, neo-liberalism perspectives strong market orientation was found to not only scare adults and workers in pursuing educa tion, but failed to invoke the needed incentives. It is therefore compulsive that states and governments assume a social democracy orientation in leveraging their adult and workers education.

Befr Case

The main problem that Nundies has been confront is that the store repurchase rate by companies has not met Nundies expectations. About 6% of stores placed additional units beyond the initial purchase. Additionally, online purchases are not used frequently. Another problem is that store personnel that sell Nundies, consecrate not been suggesting or talking about Nundies to customers. Furthermore, the displays for Nundies seem to merge in with the other merchandise in the store, which has a big impact on sales.If the stores are not properly displaying the merchandise and the sales associates do not promote Nundies this will lead to a decrease in sales and impact the gild from reordering Nundies, which affects Nundies overall sales and profits. II. SITUATION ANALYSIS Nundies is a single-use, disposable panty that sticks to the inseam of womens leggings, acrobatic wear, shorts, and jeans. This product helps women maintain a degree of protection when they decide not to wear underwear. The introduction of the new-made product Nundies by go Materials Inc. s a transition from a foam fabricator manufacturing communication channel to a proprietary medical and consumer products. Nundies is a true departure from the ordinary product offered by Advanced Materials, Inc. AMI manufacturing estimated that the labor and material costs to produce a single liner would only be $. 60. tercet colors/package options would be produced including, black, buff and assorted. The liners would be packaged in a colorful 5-count elastic pillow package, which would cost about $. 45 per unite to produce. The wholesale price to retail store would be $7. 0 for each 5-count package. Moreover, manufacturers agent would be paid 12 percent tutelage on the wholesale price for each 5-count package sold. This agent is responsible to establish the distribution reportage among womens boutique store and strong suit shops for Nundies. Based on Nundies marketing research, womens boutique and special ty shops account for the largest percentage of womens underwear sales (30. 9%), followed by department stores (30. 7%), people merchandise and warehouse club stores (29. 1%), and other retail outlets such as internet retailers (9. %). agree to a nationwide research conducted by Nundies among 1,042 women between the ages of 18-49 revealed that ? 84% of women would be interested in a product that would eliminate panty lines ? 81% of women said yes to the questions would u be interested in a product that provides hygiene and comfort, but is not underwear ? 22% of women had tried no undies as a solution for no visible panty lines. ? When women were asked if they would be interested in a garment-safe disposable, but no panty lines 36% said yes, 49% said maybe.

Emotionally-Charged Subjects Essay

P arnts and teenagers inquire not constantly argue about issues that are macrocosmageable. The key to managing these issues is in understanding individually others position and in finding a middle-way solution. If we can aim for a win-win solution, that would be best, but some(prenominal) times it may not be possible. So, adjusting our wants with regards to the others position may be unavoidable to acquit our problems. Let us take the issues of shoplifters, coin and indoctrinate for example. If we try to understand the problems facing each side, from the teenager and from the parents, we can try to negotiate our way to a solution.First, umteen teenagers today squander friends that parents dissent with, but both sides can work on a solution. Proverbs 1824 says, A man of too many an(prenominal) friends comes to ruin, but thither is a friend who sticks closer than a comrade ( innovative American Standard Bible). The teenager has to understand that quality friends are mo re important than quantity. Bad company may lead to drug abuse, alcoholism, pre-marital sex, unwanted pregnancies and other consequences that are life-and-death situations. It is important then to choose our friends wisely and to refrain from others who are bad influences on us. So how do we choose our friends?Or how do we subsist that they are truly our real friends? Proverbs 1717 asserts that A friend is always loyal, and a brother is born to help in time of need (New Living Translation). If our so-called friends are only there when we have money or if we are in good health or if we have a nice car and a beautiful house, then they are not our friends. A true friend result be there for you even in sickness, homelessness and poverty. Of course, parents also have to understand that nothing is consummate(a) and that these ideals may not be realized all the time because of actual, instead of theoretical circumstances.So parents have to give their teenagers some room for error and im perfection. By skill from their mistakes, they will become better adults later. Second, many teenagers nowadays want more money, which their parents dont have, so we need to find creative solutions to solve it. In 1 Timothy 610, it is mentioned that the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. both(prenominal) people, eager for money, have wandered from the faith and pierced themselves with many griefs (New International Version). Money is needed to satisfy many physical desires, but too many desires will lead to suffering.It is important to extinguish the flames of desire through with(predicate) moderation. If we dont really need something, we dont have to possess it. We also need to be wise with our money through investments and diligent work. By finding part-time work and pick outing how to invest our savings properly, a teenager will learn good financial skills that he will need later as an adult. As Matthew 2518 mentions, we should not dig a raft in the ground and hid e the masters money (New Living Translation) even if we have only a little of it. We should invest it, and we can also find some work to earn more money that we can additionally invest.We should also not have sudden cravings to splurge once we have a lot of money. In Proverbs 7 20, a prodigal man took lots of money with him and wont be home for a couple of weeks (Gods newsworthiness Translation). Instead, we should learn how to control our emotions. Being uneconomic in our expenditures will empty our bank account. Lastly, we should also be generous. As Exodus 2225 says, If you lend money to one of my people among you who is needy, do not be like a loan shark charge him no interest (New International Version).By learning how to give, we will receive payment in kind later on in the form of respect, the return of favors and other non-quantifiable intangible forms that we will calculate later. Lastly, teenagers may need to confront their parents about their problems in school. Grade s are one of the major problems that teenagers face in school. Low marks could be a consequential problem due to bad friends or the privation of money to buy learning resources. If our problem with friends and money are resolved, then we can solve our issues in school also.But sometimes, the cause may be something else. If our ancestors were not so bright themselves, then we shouldnt expect too much on ourselves. Or if we take some mental aptitude tests, and we chump poorly, we may be faced with a biological problem that requires specialized training. But more oftentimes than not, we can improve our brain power through proper nutrition, exercise and mental conditioning. There are many books and courses in the market that will teach us on how to increase our mental aptitude. So, it may be necessary to purchase a few for the benefit of our future.But parents should also consider that school and grades are not everything. Jesus himself was very learned, but he did not bother to prov e his schoolman excellence by getting a respected degree from a well-known school. In prat 715 the Jews were surprised and said, How has this man got knowledge of books? He has never been to school (Bible in prefatory English). Indeed, school is not the only place to learn and thus, school grades are not the only deduction of learning. While some people may be God-gifted, more often than not, many people learn from the School of Hard Knocks. Truly, there are many successful people today, such as street arab Gates, who never finished college. In the end, teenagers are not always wrong and parents are not always right. When a proper middle-ground is reached between the two, there is peace.ReferencesHook, S. (ed. ). (1965). Bible in Basic English. Cambridge University Press. Holy Bible New International Version. (1978). Grand Rapids Zondervan. Holy Bible New Living Translation. (1996). Wheaton Tyndale House. The Bible Gods Word Translation. (1995). Jacksonville Baker Publishing Gr oup. The Bible New American Standard Bible. (1997). Anaheim Foundation.

Conflict Management Plan

1. Identify the available infringe management strategies and their strengths and weaknesses.Strategy Strengths Weaknesses CollaborationMakes the aggroup stronger composition building morale. Ability to hassle solve. Sharing in responsibility Not sacramental manduction same psyches Causes near popular vote Can be time consuming while coming to an agreement CompetitionForces group to think outside the box for better results Cause aggroup members to disagree and never reach a solution AvoidanceRe focalisees aggroup to real problem Takes personal feelings out of the issue Problem still be team up relationship becomes taintedAccommodationAllows the team to come to a resolution by giving and takingRequires some team members ideas to be cast off on the back burnerCompromiseAllows team to come to a solution in a timely mannerMay effect team negatively if one member feels they compromise more than others2. Which of the available meshing management strategies is most appropriate for the current plaza with Clyde and Dan? Provide your rationale, including what factors you considered in making your selection. Your response should be at least 100 words.The most appropriate conflict management strategy for the current situation is collaboration. I feel if both men are brought together to discuss their issues in a non-hostile environment then the real problem will present itself. This will allow both team members to articulatio their opinions and a resolution can be offered up.Once the problem is in the open they can focus on how to resolve it. I made this selection because it sounds like maybe it could be a personality conflict with a lot of he said she said. The only way to resolve it is to know what the real problem is. The only way to know that is to bring the men together to talk about it.3. If the selected strategy is not successful, what is your alternate strategy? Provide your rationale for this selection. Your response should be at least 100 words.If the beginning(a) strategy is not successful then the next option is avoidance. This will force the team members to put their personal feeling toward each other aside so that they can focus on the project. Team members will not always get along. How they feel about each other can be a problem, but as long as they can put those feelings aside for the betterment of the team then they can focus on the common goal. As long each of the of participating and sharing the work load the team can be successful.4. What potential track blocks might be encountered in solution the conflict? How would you address these? Your response should be at least 100 words.Some potential road blocks is the team members are hell bent on not working together. When every option for resolving the problem has been exhausted then there may be a need for different measures. The idea is to keep the team together and focused on the project. If the actions of these two menlower the morale of the team and make it impo ssible to work together then it is my recommendation both team members be replaced. The focus is the team and the project.

Examination of Traits Possessed by Effective Counselors Essay

Examination of Traits Possessed by Effective CounselorsCatherine M. KleinschmitLiberty University crochetBecause the advocate-at-law-client relationship is star built on trust, a counselor should seek to consent as to a greater extent than knowledge as possible to facilitate this trust and bring about healing and strongness for the client. This typography examines many an(prenominal) of the traits possessed by counselors who atomic number 18 considered successful in their field. Much of the research came from peer re depended material, and most(prenominal) of the traits listed in this paper- positive mental attitudes, possess self-aw atomic number 18ness, are culturally diverse in their methodology, are unspoiled communicators and are write in non-verbal dialogue, wittingness of the laws in their state, sensibleness of the dangers of burnout, mindfulness, and empathy all come from the opinion of distinguish adapted sets of counselors who are themselves successful. So me of these traits are in born to the counselor, while others are learned. With the exception of burnout, strategies for effective schooling are examined, while strategies for avoiding and coping with burnout are highlighted.The counseling relationship is unlike any other. It is a offstage and safe place where the client gutter feel free to express his or herself and receive patron and comprehending in a time when they may feel no genius else can champion them. It is imperative that counselors strive to be as effective in this relationship as they possibly can in order to fuel change in the clients life. An effective counselor has many characteristics that facilitate that healing. Some are natural to them, some are taught in college or continuing upbringing classes. Even further still, some are sought out by the counselor themselves. However they are acquired, the effective counselor leave behind for build up his or her portfolio of strategies in order to continue a high level of strength in the counselor-client relationship.Effective counselors rent positive mental attitudes, are culturally diverse in their methodology, communicate well, are certain of the laws in their state, are aware of thedangers of burnout, practice mindfulness, and are empathetic. Positive mental attitude is the basis of becoming an effective counselor. In a study create in 1971, Jackson and Thompson identified that effective counselors have positive attitudes toward self, most people, most clients, and counseling. This study was conducted with counselors who were already working in the field in order to find traits that were common among successful counselors. The purpose for this was for application possible graduate students for admission into counseling programs. The school of thought among the participants in this study was that, while they had standard training in various counseling techniques, that as a rule, once a counselor begins practice, they lead revert bac k to the attitudes they once had at the beginning of training. In their book, Competent Christian Counseling, Clinton and Ohlschlager assert that counselors should be comfortable in their clearing of counseling practices, nonrecreational skill, and their qualifications. (2002, p. 193) Clients do non want to enter therapy with a counselor who is unsure of themselves or nervous.An effective counselor forget, to put it simply, know what they know and will have the natural positive attitudes to practice their trade successfully. Because of the intimate personality of the counseling relationship, a counselor has a responsibility to be self-aware. (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2011, p. 44) They need to know where they have unmet needs in their life that may immobilize a clients progress. Areas of denial will greatly affect the counselors baron to help their client. Corey, Corey & Callanan suggest that all counselors enter into some sort of counseling themselves to help them stay aware of their own mental health and abilities.( p. 47) An effective counselor also has a multicultural view. The counselor should not hold the opinion that his or her culture is in any way superior to some other someones, and so must avoid becoming a culturally encapsulated counselor. (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, p. 117) He or she has made conscience steps to venture out of his or her own culture in an effort to experience and understand other cultures so that their personalized issues, value system, or any sort of bias will not interfere with their counselor/client relationship with clients of a different culture. They should try to see the world done with(predicate) their clients viewpoint.The culturally sensitive counselor should be aware of any type of prejudices or other negative vox populis that mayinterfere in the helping process. (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, p. 126) Being a culturally aware counselor should also include the ability to understand family dynamics within differe nt cultures. With that, they should be able to understand roles of different family members in relation to each other. In some cultures, the male(s) of the household hold a dominant position over the female(s), despite birth order. Additionally, counselors should be able to respect and try to understand their clients religious beliefs. A counseling technique that may work for an American Christian may not work for a Hindu from India. A counselor must be sure to be versed in different counselling techniques for various religions. Of course, communication plays an important role in effective counseling. A good counselor will know when it is time to speak, to listen, or to allow silence to remain to allow the client time to remember, or to think upon what was except said. Communication does not just involve row that are spoken an attentive counselor will also be versed in high-context communication. extravagantly context communication, or non-verbal or inferred communication, is a v aluable tool for the effective counselor. High context communication can be thought of as a cultural tool, in that some cultures are more adept at it. People from the Mediterranean area, Japan, Korea, China, parts of Africa, parts of the Middle East, and Latin America have high context communication ingrained in their culture. (Frederick, Leong, Altmaier, & Johnson, 2008) For instance, if a person said to someone else, I really enjoy going to statistics class. but rolled their eyes and crossed their arms, someone who is adept at high context communication will be able to take the comment as not particularly truthful, relying instead on the non-verbal cues exhibited.These cues are often used to suspect if a person is feeling something other than what was expressed verbally. Knowing the law of the state one is practicing in is essential to a counselors success. Not all states have the same laws in regards to debt instrument to warn, duty to report, child detention cases, etc. (Feldm an & Sommers, 2010) Being an effective counselor does not always mean only effective with ones clients. It means effective with the community and society in general as well. Let us look at the famous Tarasoff case. In 1969, a student by the name of Prosenjit Poddar at the University of California, Berkeley confided in his therapist that he intended to kill a student for whom he had developed romantic feelings. with hisdescriptions, the therapist identified the student at Tatianna Tarasoff, and he alerted the campus police after conferring with his colleagues. The police detained Poddar, but base him to be rational, and released him. Poddar eventually killed Tarasoff. It was later ruled that the therapist should have warned Tarasoff. (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2011) Had the therapist followed through in regards to duty to warn, it is possible this tragedy could have been avoided. Burnout is a factor that effective counselors deal with successfully. Burnout can be delimit as experi enced stress manifesting itself in three ways. These are, according to bestow and Schwartz, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. (2012) Because counselors spend their day dealing with clients deep emotional and psychological problems, they must deal with the fact that their self-efficacy will be affected.There are many indicators that one is experiencing burnout, the lead symptom being neuroticism. (Lent & Schwarz, 2012) Neuroticism is characterized by feelings of anxiousness, feeling angry, being overly self-conscious, and feeling vulnerable. (Lent & Schwartz, 2012) The research conducted by Lent and Schwartz suggests that a counselors own personality may help combat this. They show that a counselor who is by nature more agreeable will be more interested in others lives and coiffure in a more altruistic way, thus reaping more benefits from their work and not experiencing burnout as often. (2012) Lent and Schwartz suggest three strategies t o create a positive workplace and minimize burnout. Firstly, they suggest that counselors work with employers/supervisors to pull ahead a more healthy other-care/self-care balance. (2012) Secondly, counselors should seek out support from cohorts or mentors that can help them through times of stress, and relieve anxiety. A counselor should be aware that times of burnout are part of the profession, and to be expected, and asking for help from colleagues is nothing of which to be ashamed.Lastly, Lent and Schwartz suggest that a counselor become a mentor. They advocate that mentoring helps the counselor with working through their problems, because they are not as focused on just what is going on in their life. (2012) A strategy known as mindfulness can correct a counselors efficacy. Mindfulness is defined as bringing ones whole self into the encounter with clients by being completely in the moment on multiple levels physically, emotionally, cognitively, and spiritually. (Campbell &Chr istopher, 2012) In a study reported by Campbell and Christopher, medical students who participated in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) training brocaded their empathy for others and saw a reduction in their level of anxiety and depression. (2012) The research showed that after completing a course in mindfulness, participants reported becoming more aware, patient, mentally focused, empathetic, compassionate, attentive, responsive, and able to handle strong emotions. They were also less defensive, reactive and judgmental. (Campbell & Christopher, 2012) In conclusion, in a study conducted by Pope and Kline, 22 counselors considered experts in their field ranked 10 different personality traits they feel are important for a counselor to possess in order to be successful. Interestingly, among the top three was empathy, and among the bottom three was sympathy. (1999) Sometimes, these two harm can be confused with one another.However, the website Dictionary.com states that sympath y and empathy both are connected to feelings one has for another person. While sympathy means to feel with, empathy means to feel into. (2013) The difference is that the counselor who has the ability to interpret will be able to actually feel their clients hurt or frustration, and will ultimately be able to understand the client better. To put it in simple terms, one feels empathy when one has been there and one feels sympathy when one has not. (Dictionary.com, 2013) While effective counselors possess positive mental attitudes, are culturally diverse in their methodology, are good communicators, are aware of the laws in their state, and are aware of the dangers of burnout, one must also have empathy, and to gain empathy, or the ability to have been there one must expand his or her own personal boundaries and borders to become, as Paul said in I Corinthians 922, To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save s ome. (KJV)ReferencesCampbell, J. C., & Christopher, J. C. (2012). statement mindfulness to create effective counselors. journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(3), 213-226. Retrieved fromhttp//search.proquest.com/docview/1027919921?accountid=12085 Clinton, T. & Ohlschlager, G. (2001). Competent Christian Counseling deal one.Colorado Springs, CO WaterBrook Press Corey, G., Corey, M., & Callanan, P. (2011). 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Effective counselor Characteristics and attitudes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 18(3), 249-254. doi 10.1037/h0030862. Retrieved from http//psycnet.apa.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/journals/cou/18/3/249 Lent, J., & Schwartz, R. C. (2012). The impact of work setting, demographic characteristics, and personality factors related to burnout among professional counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(4), 355-372. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1114670345?accountid=12085 Pope, V. & Kline, W. (1999). The personal characteristics of effective counselors What 10 experts think. Psychol ogical Reports, 84(3), 1339-44. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10477949